kes testing, and social oppression. The connections between school disciplinary policies and criminal punishment system involvement are both direct and indirect. Schools directly send students into the pipeline through zero tolerance policies that involve the police in minor incidents and often lead to arrests, juvenile detention referrals, and even criminal charges and incarceration. Schools indirectly push students towards the criminal justice system by excluding them from school through suspension, expulsion, restraints, seclusion, discouragement and high stakes testing requirements.